Source: www.nytimes.com --- Wednesday, September 05, 2012
Some college-bound children of illegal immigrants have been denied resident tuition and financial aid, but New Jersey and Florida courts have recently made it more difficult for states to discriminate. ...
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The plight of San Francisco celebrity twins, 85-year-old Marian and Vivian Brown, brought out 5?ways to keep the two sisters together.
The aging twins were born in Kalamazoo, Michigan, on January, 25, 1927. They settled in San Francisco in 1970 at the age of 43. They were featured in advertisements and talk shows while holding down jobs as secretaries.
The twins have been inseparable most of their lives and were seen always wearing matching outfits, wrote SF Weekly. Lately, Vivian developed Alzheimer?s, and fell. She requires constant care; the twins won?t be able to live together in their rent-controlled apartment.
Marian is pushing for the two to move to an assisted living residence to stay together until they die. With the help of the 5 ways, enough money will be raised.
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Few Afghans have benefited more from the past 10 years of post-Taliban government than children, but there are still tough problems to solve.?
They work hard; and despite their country's poverty and political instability, they play hard, too. Few Afghans have benefited more from the past 10 years of post-Taliban government than children, and few stand to lose more if their nation slips back under Taliban rule after US and NATO troops depart in 2014.
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Some developments have been overwhelmingly positive, such as wider access to education. A decade after Taliban rule restricted girls' education,?more than half of school-aged girls are in class, says the United Nations.
Other problems have been tougher to solve.
Afghanistan has the world's highest infant mortality rate, according to the UN, and 1 of every 4 children dies before age 5. Half a trillion dollars of military assistance and $57 billion in direct aid seem to have had little impact on the nation's economy. One in 3 Afghans lives on less than $1 a day, the UN says.
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AUTOMOTIVE engineers are about to embark on a new road race: to boost the fuel efficiency of America's gas-guzzling cars. It follows the Obama administration's decision on 28 August that, by 2025, new cars on US roads must achieve an average fuel efficiency of 54.5 miles per US gallon (23 kilometres per litre).
The target is double the current average car fuel efficiency in the US, which has flatlined at 27 mpg (11.5 km/l) for the past two decades, and builds on an existing US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requirement for 34.5 mpg (14.5 km/l) fuel efficiency by 2016.
It might sound like an ambitious leap, but much of the technology to make it happen is already coming to market. And the benefits to consumers of spending less on fuel, and to the government of lowering dependence on foreign oil and cutting emissions, pressed Obama into a rethink.
While the move has been welcomed by car makers and environmentalists, it is opposed by Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney, who dubbed the target "extreme" and "choice-limiting" for consumers. Romney says come 2025, any lower fuel costs will be wiped out by the expense of "unproven" fuel efficiency technologies.
Government projections say the measures could add about $1800 to a car's price tag, but buyers should save between $3400 and $5000 in fuel costs over the car's lifetime. But no one really knows how the costs will pan out over the next 13 years - especially when you factor in the great strides already being made in fuel efficiency.
These, driven in part by the existing EPA requirement, include variations on the internal combustion engine from the likes of Ford and Fiat. Both have reduced the number of cylinders from the usual minimum of four - three for Ford, two for Fiat - and both employ smart turbocharging and timing-control technologies to eke out the same power as bigger engines. For example, Fiat claims that its 900cc TwinAir is equivalent to a 1.4-litre four-cylinder engine, but burns 30 per cent less fuel. Ford says its EcoBoost engine has a fuel efficiency of 49 mpg (21 km/l). It is already on the market, and should be much cheaper by 2025.
On the research front, Scuderi Group of West Springfield, Massachusetts, is claiming a 36 per cent efficiency boost with its four-cylinder engine. In this, tasks are separated: instead of all the cylinders pulling in fuel and air and combusting the mixture, one pair of cylinders handles intake and compression of fuel and air and another pair burns it. Tests are ongoing.
Original designs are in the works, too. As New Scientist revealed last year, a team at Michigan State University in East Lansing has developed an ultralight rotary engine that uses tiny shock waves to compress fuel/air mixtures. But instead of turning a drive shaft, the rotary motion is used to generate electricity in a hybrid car, boosting overall energy efficiency because of the generator's sheer lightness.
Alongside the innovations from the 2011 Automotive X-Prize competition, which paid out $10 million in prizes for lightweight gasoline, ethanol or battery-powered cars that could achieve 100 mpg (42.5 km/l) or its battery energy equivalent, there should be more than enough ideas brewing to meet the EPA's efficiency target affordably.
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ScienceDaily (Sep. 5, 2012) ? Windows to the past, stars can unveil the history of our universe, currently estimated to be 14 billion years old. The farther away the star, the older it is -- and the oldest stars are the most difficult to detect. Current telescopes can only see galaxies about 700 million years old, and only when the galaxy is unusually large or as the result of a big event like a stellar explosion.
Now, an international team of scientists led by researchers at Tel Aviv University have developed a method for detecting galaxies of stars that formed when the universe was in its infancy, during the first 180 million years of its existence. The method is able to observe stars that were previously believed too old to find, says Prof. Rennan Barkana of TAU's School of Physics and Astronomy.
?Published in the journal Nature, the researchers' method uses radio telescopes to seek out radio waves emitted by hydrogen atoms, which were abundant in the early days of the universe. Emitting waves measuring about eight inches (21 centimeters) long, the atoms reflect the radiation of the stars, making their emission detectable by radio telescopes, explains Prof. Barkana. This development opens the way to learning more about the universe's oldest galaxies.
Reading signals from the past
According to Prof. Barkana, these waves show a specific pattern in the sky, a clear signature of the early galaxies, which were one-millionth the size of galaxies today. Differences in the motion of dark matter and gas from the early period of the universe, which affect the formation of stars, produce a specific fluctuation pattern that makes it much easier to distinguish these early waves from bright local radio emissions.
The intensity of waves from this early era depends on the temperature of the gas, allowing researchers to begin to piece together a rough map of the galaxies in an area of the sky. If the gas is very hot, it means that there are many stars there; if cooler, there are fewer stars, explains Prof. Barkana.
These initial steps into the mysterious origins of the universe will allow radio astronomers to reconstruct for the first time what the early universe looked like, specifically in terms of the distribution of stars and galaxies across the sky, he believes.
A new era
This field of astronomical research, now being called "21-centimeter cosmology," is just getting underway. Five different international collaborations are building radio telescopes to detect these types of emissions, currently focusing on the era around 500 million years after the Big Bang. Equipment can also be specifically designed for detecting signals from the earlier eras, says Prof. Barkana. He hopes that this area of research will illuminate the enigmatic period between the birth of the universe and modern times, and allow for the opportunity to test predictions about the early days of the universe.
"We know a lot about the pristine universe, and we know a lot about the universe today. There is an unknown era in between when there was hot gas and the first formation of stars. Now, we are going into this era and into the unknown," says Prof. Barkana. He expects surprises along the way, for example involving the properties of early stars, and that observations will reveal a more complicated cosmological reality than was predicted by their models.
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